For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (name). For other uses, see Muhammad (disambiguation).
Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullah (Arabic: ﷴ; Transliteration: Muhammad(saw)(;[n1] pronounced muhannad (listen); also spelled Muhammad(saw) or Mohammad(saw)[n2][n3] (ca. 570/571 – June 8, 632),[1] (Monday, 12th Rabi' al-Awwal, Year 11 A.H.) is considered the founder[n 4] of the religion of Islam,[2] and is regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of Allah (Arabic: الله), the last law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets, and, by most Muslims,[n 5] the last prophet of Islam as taught by the Qur'an.[3] Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islam) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.[4][5][6] He was also active as a diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, reformer, military general, and, according to Muslim[7] belief, an agent of divine action.
Born in 570 in the Arabian city of Mecca,[8] he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Discontented with life in Mecca, he retreated to a cave in the surrounding mountains for meditation and reflection. According to Islamic beliefs it was here, at age 40, in the month of Ramadan, where he received his first revelation from Allah. Three years after this event Muhammad(saw) started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "Allah is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islam) is the only way (dīn)[n 6] acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of Allah, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.[6][9][10]
Muhammad(saw) gained few followers early on, and was met with hostility from some Meccan tribes; he and his followers were treated harshly. To escape persecution, Muhammad(saw) sent some of his followers to Abyssinia before he and his remaining followers in Mecca migrated to Medina (then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, which is also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the conflicting tribes, and after eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, his followers, who by then had grown to 10,000, conquered Mecca. In 632, a few months after returning to Medina from his Farewell pilgrimage, Muhammad(saw) fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam; and he had united the tribes of Arabia into a single Muslim religious polity.[11][12]
The revelations (or Ayat, lit. "Signs of Allah")–which Muhammad(saw) reported receiving until his death–form the verses of the Qur'an, regarded by Muslims as the “Word of Allah” and around which the religion is based. Besides the Qur'an, Muhammad’s life (sira) and traditions (sunnah) are also upheld by Muslims. They discuss Muhammad(saw) and other prophets of Islam with reverence, adding the phrase peace be upon him whenever their names are mentioned.[13] While conceptions of Muhammad(saw) in medieval Christendom and premodern times were largely negative, appraisals in modern history have been far less so.[10][14] His life and deeds have been debated and criticized by followers and opponents over the centuries.[15] He is revered as a true prophet and Manifestation of Allah in the Baha'i Faith.[16]
The revelations (or Ayat, lit. "Signs of Allah")–which Muhammad(saw) reported receiving until his death–form the verses of the Qur'an, regarded by Muslims as the “Word of Allah” and around which the religion is based. Besides the Qur'an, Muhammad’s life (sira) and traditions (sunnah) are also upheld by Muslims. They discuss Muhammad(saw) and other prophets of Islam with reverence, adding the phrase peace be upon him whenever their names are mentioned.[13] While conceptions of Muhammad(saw) in medieval Christendom and premodern times were largely negative, appraisals in modern history have been far less so.[10][14] His life and deeds have been debated and criticized by followers and opponents over the centuries.[15] He is revered as a true prophet and Manifestation of Allah in the Baha'i Faith.[16]
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