Battle of Hunayn and Battle of Tabouk Soon after the conquest of Mecca, Muhammad(saw) was alarmed by a military threat from the confederate tribes of Hawazin who were collecting an army twice the size of Muhammad(saw)'s. The Banu Hawazin were old enemies of the Meccans. They were joined by the Banu Thaqif (inhabiting the city of Ta'if) who adopted an anti-Meccan policy due to the decline of the prestige of Meccans.[164] Muhammad(saw) defeated the Hawazin and Thaqif tribes in the Battle of Hunayn.[10]
In the same year, Muhammad(saw) made the expedition of Tabuk against northern Arabia because of their previous defeat at the Battle of Mu'tah as well as reports of the hostile attitude adopted against Muslims. Although Muhammad(saw) did not make contact with hostile forces at Tabuk, he received the submission of some local chiefs of the region.[10][165]
A year after the Battle of Tabuk, the Banu Thaqif sent emissaries to Medina to surrender to Muhammad(saw) and adopt Islam. Many bedouins submitted to Muhammad(saw) in order to be safe against his attacks and to benefit from the booties of the wars.[10] However, the bedouins were alien to the system of Islam and wanted to maintain their independence, their established code of virtue and their ancestral traditions. Muhammad(saw) thus required of them a military and political agreement according to which they "acknowledge the suzerainty of Medina, to refrain from attack on the Muslims and their allies, and to pay the Zakat, the Muslim religious levy."[166]
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